Analysis of the vulnerability of critical infrastructures such as dams, bridges and roads to events associated with the phenomenon of: El Niño – Southern Oscillation on the Ecuadorian Coast

Abstract

Introduction: The article analyzes the vulnerability of selected critical infrastructure on the Ecuadorian coast to extreme climatic events, such as El Niño, by reviewing information on events that occurred in the areas, reviewing hydrological processes in the basins and state of the infrastructures with the purpose of proposing preventive measures that contribute to mitigating the impact of these events. Consequently, the Daule Peripa Dam, Guayaquil Airport, IESS Hospital of Milagro and Deep-Water Port of Posorja are examined. Objective: Analyze the existing vulnerability of critical infrastructures (Daule Peripa Dam, Guayaquil Airport, IESS Hospital of Milagro and Deep-Water Port of Posorja) to extreme climate events such as the El Niño phenomenon, through the review of previous studies and identification of technical considerations of these infrastructures that may influence their vulnerability in order to propose mitigation measures. Method: It consists of the review and analysis of data and information of events that occurred over time, to determine the existing vulnerability of these infrastructures. In addition, we are working with an intentional sample of four buildings that are: IESS Hospital in Milagro, Daule Peripa Dam, Guayaquil Airport and Posorja Deep Water Port. Being a small sample, sampling bias is reduced since each element can be analyzed with greater detail and precision. The study is longitudinal and descriptive, analyzing the importance of infrastructure, vulnerability factors, flood intensity and economic losses. Results: When analyzing critical infrastructures, it is essential to analyze their importance and capacity to recover from extreme events. Also, extreme events, such as El Niño floods, pose significant challenges for risk management and critical infrastructure planning. On the other hand, the interdependencies, and interconnections with the dynamics of the cities in which they are located are of vital importance to quantify the effects at an economic and social level. Conclusions: It is essential to invest in the adequate maintenance of critical infrastructure to guarantee its safety and sustainability in the face of the challenges of climate change. On the other hand, the study highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the risks associated with extreme climate events, such as flooding, in infrastructure such as the Daule-Peripa dam and the IESS de Milagro Hospital. Additionally, the need to implement advanced technologies, such as the RTIM system, to monitor and mitigate risks in dams is highlighted. In the case of airports, proper drainage management is crucial to ensure their safe and efficient operation, as demonstrated in studies using hydrodynamic models such as “MIKE FLOOD”.